Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1503295912', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701022_0008', 'title': 'Theory of rational option pricing', 'display_name': 'Theory of rational option pricing', 'publication_year': 2005, 'publication_date': '2005-07-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1503295912', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701022_0008', 'mag': '1503295912'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701022_0008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306464320', 'display_name': 'WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319815', 'host_organization_name': 'World Scientific', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319815'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['World Scientific'], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'book-chapter', 'type_crossref': 'book-chapter', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/49331/1/theoryofrational00mert.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5109857703', 'display_name': 'Robert C. Merton', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'display_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042nb2s44', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert C. Merton', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Assistant Professor of Finance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Assistant Professor of Finance, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5109857703'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 864.74, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 7870, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999022, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '229', 'last_page': '288'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10047', 'display_name': 'Financial Markets and Investment Strategies', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10047', 'display_name': 'Financial Markets and Investment Strategies', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12675', 'display_name': 'Financial Reporting and Valuation Research', 'score': 0.9968, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1408', 'display_name': 'Strategy and Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10067', 'display_name': 'Stochastic processes and financial applications', 'score': 0.9967, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2003', 'display_name': 'Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/warrant', 'display_name': 'Warrant', 'score': 0.65417403}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/put-option', 'display_name': 'Put option', 'score': 0.64522886}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/call-option', 'display_name': 'Call option', 'score': 0.49779797}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C163128081', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338307', 'display_name': 'Black–Scholes model', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.66358036}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C116168712', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181201', 'display_name': 'Dividend', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.66079533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776916960', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156', 'display_name': 'Warrant', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65417403}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C194483076', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380382', 'display_name': 'Valuation of options', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.65229416}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778311368', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1939618', 'display_name': 'Put option', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.64522886}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C185632549', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48967834', 'display_name': 'Investment theory', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.6275757}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6039567}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C159998540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295776', 'display_name': 'Rational pricing', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.60150075}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C101615488', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503307', 'display_name': 'Geometric Brownian motion', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.5218729}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777600642', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1508707', 'display_name': 'Call option', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.49779797}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144237770', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534', 'display_name': 'Mathematical economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.46699893}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C106159729', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553', 'display_name': 'Financial economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44584197}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104859751', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5450390', 'display_name': 'Finite difference methods for option pricing', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.41565192}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C181236170', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848354', 'display_name': 'Capital asset pricing model', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.35369393}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C10138342', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015', 'display_name': 'Finance', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.16183686}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C91602232', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115', 'display_name': 'Volatility (finance)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.09376541}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136264566', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810', 'display_name': 'Economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C68710425', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275442', 'display_name': 'Diffusion process', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780378061', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891', 'display_name': 'Service (business)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701022_0008', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306464320', 'display_name': 'WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319815', 'host_organization_name': 'World Scientific', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319815'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['World Scientific'], 'type': 'ebook platform'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49331', 'pdf_url': 'https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/49331/1/theoryofrational00mert.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400425', 'display_name': 'DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'host_organization_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Massachusetts Institute of Technology'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49331', 'pdf_url': 'https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/49331/1/theoryofrational00mert.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306400425', 'display_name': 'DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I63966007', 'host_organization_name': 'Massachusetts Institute of Technology', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I63966007'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Massachusetts Institute of Technology'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by-nc', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc', 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Partnerships for the goals', 'score': 0.42, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 22, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1539634858', 'https://openalex.org/W1579668758', 'https://openalex.org/W1592940997', 'https://openalex.org/W1603037700', 'https://openalex.org/W1825818640', 'https://openalex.org/W1878640737', 'https://openalex.org/W1983103323', 'https://openalex.org/W1995118028', 'https://openalex.org/W1997157356', 'https://openalex.org/W2003051132', 'https://openalex.org/W2031757736', 'https://openalex.org/W2046712495', 'https://openalex.org/W2056359606', 'https://openalex.org/W2056822017', 'https://openalex.org/W2089808205', 'https://openalex.org/W2117613996', 'https://openalex.org/W2131773668', 'https://openalex.org/W2165643304', 'https://openalex.org/W2468801668', 'https://openalex.org/W2604721784', 'https://openalex.org/W2608169504', 'https://openalex.org/W3148273152'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W84701208', 'https://openalex.org/W3201761445', 'https://openalex.org/W2902898608', 'https://openalex.org/W2736719625', 'https://openalex.org/W2528651429', 'https://openalex.org/W2391639690', 'https://openalex.org/W2390395490', 'https://openalex.org/W2375330752', 'https://openalex.org/W2360464933', 'https://openalex.org/W106665756'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Theory': [0, 112, 430], 'of': [1, 8, 17, 21, 52, 73, 78, 165, 181, 209, 219, 226, 301, 307, 325, 359, 431], 'Valuation,': [2], 'pp.': [3], '229-288': [4], '(2005)': [5], 'No': [6], 'AccessTheory': [7], 'rational': [9, 48, 60], 'option': [10, 49, 62, 65, 93, 99], 'pricingRobert': [11], 'C.': [12, 14], 'MertonRobert': [13], 'MertonAssistant': [15], 'Professor': [16], 'Finance,': [18], 'Massachusetts': [19], 'Institute': [20], 'Technology,': [22], 'USAhttps://doi.org/10.1142/9789812701022_0008Cited': [23], 'by:13': [24], '(Source:': [25], 'Crossref)': [26], 'PreviousNext': [27], 'AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB': [28], 'ToolsAdd': [29], 'to': [30, 34, 81, 201, 381], 'favoritesDownload': [31], 'CitationsTrack': [32], 'CitationsRecommend': [33], 'Library': [35], 'ShareShare': [36], 'onFacebookTwitterLinked': [37], 'InRedditEmail': [38], 'Abstract:': [39], 'The': [40, 123, 357], 'following': [41], 'sections': [42], 'are': [43], 'included:': [44], 'Introduction': [45], 'Restrictions': [46, 58], 'on': [47, 59, 155, 337, 365], 'pricing': [50, 66, 306], 'Effects': [51], 'dividends': [53], 'and': [54, 85, 113, 127, 160, 175, 193, 229, 246, 272, 294, 316, 341, 350, 369, 388, 402, 418], 'changing': [55], 'exercise': [56, 86], 'price': [57, 87], 'put': [61, 92], 'oricina': [63], 'Rational': [64], 'along': [67], 'Black-Scholes': [68, 75], 'lines': [69], 'An': [70], 'alternative': [71], 'derivation': [72], 'the': [74, 79, 95, 128, 163, 207, 237, 299, 304, 366], 'model': [76, 80], 'Extension': [77], 'include': [82], 'dividend': [83], 'payments': [84], 'changes': [88], 'Valuing': [89, 94, 100], 'an': [90], 'American': [91], '"down': [96], 'and-out"': [97], 'call': [98], 'a': [101, 203, 263], 'callable': [102], 'warrant': [103], 'Appendix': [104, 106], '1': [105], '2': [107], 'References': [108], 'discussion:': [109], 'Option': [110, 183], 'Pricing': [111, 184, 285, 331, 401], 'Its': [114], 'Applications': [115], 'INTRODUCTION': [116], 'THE': [117], 'MARTINGALE': [118], 'APPROACH': [119], 'TO': [120, 141], 'OPTION': [121], 'PRICING': [122, 143], 'Setup': [124], 'Dynamic': [125], 'Spanning': [126], 'Martingale': [129], 'Representation': [130], 'Theorem': [131], 'Some': [132], 'Generalizations': [133], 'EXISTENCE': [134], 'AND': [135], 'PROPERTIES': [136], 'OF': [137], 'OPTIMAL': [138], 'STRATEGIES': [139], 'APPLICATIONS': [140], 'CONTINGENT-CLAIM': [142], 'NOTES': [144], 'REFERENCES': [145], 'FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited': [146], 'By': [147], '13Cited': [148], 'by': [149], 'lists': [150], 'all': [151], 'citing': [152], 'articles': [153], 'based': [154], 'Crossref': [156], 'citation.Financial': [157], 'market': [158], 'disruption': [159], 'investor': [161], 'awareness:': [162], 'case': [164], 'implied': [166, 382], 'volatility': [167], 'skewHammad': [168], 'Siddiqi1': [169], 'Jan': [170, 196, 320, 372, 405, 421], '2022': [171], '|': [172, 217, 251, 277, 322, 346, 374, 393, 407, 423], 'Quantitative': [173], 'Finance': [174, 349], 'Economics,': [176], 'Vol.': [177, 222, 253, 280, 327, 352, 378, 397, 427], '6,': [178], 'No.': [179, 224, 255, 282, 329, 354, 399], '3Comparison': [180], 'European': [182], 'Models': [185], 'at': [186], 'Multiple': [187], 'PeriodsAmir': [188], 'Ahmad': [189], 'Dar,': [190], 'N.': [191, 213], 'Anuradha': [192], 'Ziadi': [194], 'Nihel1': [195], '2021A': [197], 'Guaranteed': [198], 'Deterministic': [199], 'Approach': [200], 'Superhedging:': [202], 'Game': [204], 'Equilibrium': [205], 'in': [206, 232, 258, 303], 'Case': [208, 358], 'no': [210], 'Trading': [211], 'ConstraintsS.': [212], 'Smirnov22': [214], 'May': [215], '2020': [216, 250, 321], 'Journal': [218, 324], 'Mathematical': [220], 'Sciences,': [221], '248,': [223], '1Valuation': [225], 'Decision': [227], 'Flexibility': [228], 'Strategic': [230], 'Value': [231], 'Coal': [233], 'Gasification': [234], 'Projects': [235], 'with': [236, 286, 310, 334, 414], 'Option-To-Switch': [238], 'between': [239], 'Different': [240], 'OutputsPiotr': [241], 'W.': [242], 'Saługa,': [243], 'Paweł': [244], 'Grzesiak': [245], 'Jacek': [247], 'Kamiński2': [248], 'June': [249], 'Energies,': [252], '13,': [254, 281], '11Evaluating': [256], 'investments': [257], 'flexible': [259], 'on-demand': [260], 'production': [261], 'capacity:': [262], 'real': [264], 'options': [265], 'approachBettina': [266], 'Freitag,': [267], 'Lukas': [268], 'Häfner,': [269], 'Verena': [270], 'Pfeuffer': [271], 'Jochen': [273], 'Übelhör2': [274], 'December': [275, 362], '2019': [276, 345, 373, 392], 'Business': [278], 'Research,': [279], '1Implied': [283], 'Volatility': [284, 412], 'Selective': [287], 'LearningHenry': [288], 'Han,': [289], 'Haofeng': [290], 'Huang,': [291], 'Jiayin': [292], 'Hu': [293], 'Fangjun': [295], 'Kuang29': [296], 'September': [297], '2020Overcoming': [298], 'curse': [300], 'dimensionality': [302], 'approximative': [305], 'financial': [308], 'derivatives': [309], 'default': [311], 'risksMartin': [312], 'Hutzenthaler,': [313], 'Arnulf': [314], 'Jentzen': [315], 'von': [317], 'Wurstemberger': [318], 'Wurstemberger1': [319], 'Electronic': [323, 376, 409, 425], 'Probability,': [326], '25,': [328], 'noneOption': [330], 'for': [332], 'TGARCH-M': [333], 'GED': [335], 'Based': [336], 'Improved': [338], 'EEMDTingfeng': [339], 'Jiang': [340], 'Qiuling': [342], 'Hua24': [343], 'January': [344], 'Emerging': [347], 'Markets': [348], 'Trade,': [351], '55,': [353], '13Cryptocurrency': [355], 'Derivatives:': [356], 'BitcoinYakup': [360], 'Söylemez4': [361], '2019Free': [363], 'Market': [364], 'FreewaySchellhorn': [367], 'Henry': [368], 'yuan': [370], 'cheng1': [371], 'SSRN': [375, 408, 424], 'Journal,': [377, 426], '25Non-structural': [379], 'approach': [380], 'moments': [383], 'extractionTea': [384], 'Šestanović,': [385], 'Josip': [386], 'Arnerić': [387], 'Zdravka': [389], 'Aljinović13': [390], 'February': [391], 'Economic': [394], 'Research-Ekonomska': [395], 'Istraživanja,': [396], '31,': [398], '1Digital': [400], 'HedgingChristian': [403], 'Kamtchueng1': [404], '2010': [406], 'JournalRelative': [410], 'Implied': [411], 'Arbitrage': [413], 'Index': [415], 'OptionsManuel': [416], 'Ammann': [417], 'Silvan': [419], 'Herriger1': [420], '2003': [422], '5': [428], 'Recommended': [429], 'Valuation': [432], 'Metrics': [433], 'History': [434], 'PDF': [435], 'download': [436]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1503295912', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 6}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 8}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 160}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 170}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 190}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 193}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 225}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 323}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 372}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 433}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 404}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 419}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-14T14:49:55.770264', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}