Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W128831163', 'doi': None, 'title': "Encouraging enterprise : Britain's Graduate Enterprise Programme", 'display_name': "Encouraging enterprise : Britain's Graduate Enterprise Programme", 'publication_year': 1989, 'publication_date': '1989-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W128831163', 'mag': '128831163'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/414', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S78792899', 'display_name': 'Journal of Small Business Management', 'issn_l': '0047-2778', 'issn': ['0447-2778', '1540-627X', '0047-2778'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5026791771', 'display_name': 'Robert C. Brown', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0847-9557'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Robert Brown', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5026791771'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.863, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 55, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.963753, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 93, 'max': 94}, 'biblio': {'volume': '28', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '71', 'last_page': None}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11779', 'display_name': 'Higher Education and Employability', 'score': 0.7825, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11779', 'display_name': 'Higher Education and Employability', 'score': 0.7825, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13844', 'display_name': 'Higher Education Learning Practices', 'score': 0.7018, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3304', 'display_name': 'Education'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12843', 'display_name': 'Human Resource and Talent Management', 'score': 0.6906, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1407', 'display_name': 'Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/14', 'display_name': 'Business, Management and Accounting'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-revolution', 'display_name': 'Industrial Revolution', 'score': 0.5300533}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778137410', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820', 'display_name': 'Government (linguistics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5400243}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C108170787', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828', 'display_name': 'Agency (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5310531}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C517468935', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269', 'display_name': 'Industrial Revolution', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5300533}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C187736073', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921', 'display_name': 'Management', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.455021}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C207456731', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818', 'display_name': 'League', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42816406}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50522688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833', 'display_name': 'Economic growth', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.33866853}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.3349728}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.31763336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C144024400', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201', 'display_name': 'Sociology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.29995498}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.20207697}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C36289849', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749', 'display_name': 'Social science', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.14172456}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41895202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162', 'display_name': 'Linguistics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C121332964', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413', 'display_name': 'Physics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C1276947', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333', 'display_name': 'Astronomy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/414', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S78792899', 'display_name': 'Journal of Small Business Management', 'issn_l': '0047-2778', 'issn': ['0447-2778', '1540-627X', '0047-2778'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_indexed_in_scopus': True, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320595', 'host_organization_name': 'Wiley', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320595'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Wiley'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 0, 'referenced_works': [], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W655256701', 'https://openalex.org/W2135750607', 'https://openalex.org/W2126818791', 'https://openalex.org/W2103782526', 'https://openalex.org/W2099697766', 'https://openalex.org/W2085701620', 'https://openalex.org/W2070606299', 'https://openalex.org/W2063863171', 'https://openalex.org/W2056887378', 'https://openalex.org/W2050226767', 'https://openalex.org/W2030377115', 'https://openalex.org/W2015828090', 'https://openalex.org/W200481086', 'https://openalex.org/W2003968402', 'https://openalex.org/W1983894403', 'https://openalex.org/W1965418792', 'https://openalex.org/W1538856783', 'https://openalex.org/W1529346709', 'https://openalex.org/W150557198', 'https://openalex.org/W1482640169'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'ENCOURAGING': [0], 'ENTERPRISE:': [1], "BRITAIN'S": [2], 'GRADUATE': [3], 'ENTERPRISE': [4], 'PROGRAM': [5, 416], 'Britain': [6], 'may': [7], 'well': [8], 'have': [9, 122, 165, 194], 'been': [10, 123, 166, 195, 226, 345], 'the': [11, 14, 18, 33, 40, 51, 119, 136, 149, 153, 159, 173, 227, 251, 256, 278, 310, 316, 348, 361, 369, 374, 390, 401, 409, 481, 510, 515, 532, 554, 559, 586], 'cradle': [12], 'of': [13, 28, 37, 62, 107, 139, 158, 178, 187, 218, 254, 258, 324, 351, 373, 412, 452, 514, 529, 543, 547, 583, 602], 'Industrial': [15], 'Revolution': [16], 'in': [17, 32, 39, 50, 77, 81, 135, 172, 274, 276, 284, 286, 289, 322, 360, 438, 447, 455, 480, 509, 531, 572, 585, 595], 'nineteenth': [19, 587], 'century,': [20, 35, 588], 'but': [21, 95], 'British': [22, 108, 160, 242, 252], 'industry': [23], 'can': [24, 86], 'hardly': [25], 'be': [26, 88, 558], 'accused': [27], 'continuing': [29, 111], 'this': [30, 92, 219, 298], 'domination': [31], 'twentieth': [34], 'least': [36], 'all': [38, 157], 'post-World': [41], 'War': [42], 'II': [43], 'information': [44], 'technology': [45], 'revolution': [46], 'when': [47], "Britain's": [48], 'position': [49, 594], 'Organization': [52], 'for': [53, 91, 315, 444, 458, 464, 478, 563], 'Economic': [54], 'Cooperation': [55], 'and': [56, 79, 83, 116, 163, 169, 180, 185, 190, 202, 222, 250, 282, 329, 393, 397, 440, 471, 483, 488, 518, 549], 'Development': [57], '(OECD)': [58], 'League': [59], 'Growth': [60], 'Table': [61], '24': [63], 'nations': [64], 'has': [65, 206, 225, 301, 339, 343], 'slipped': [66], 'from': [67, 103, 131, 148, 241, 306, 330, 380], 'second': [68, 137], 'to': [69, 113, 145, 261, 268, 296, 356, 367, 382, 385, 426, 557, 570], 'eighteenth.': [70], 'The': [71, 183, 420, 526], 'university': [72], 'business': [73, 161, 192, 223, 266, 410, 442, 551], 'schools': [74, 120, 162], '(founded': [75], 'first': [76, 370, 533, 592], 'London': [78], 'Manchester': [80], '1966': [82], 'expanding': [84], 'thereafter)': [85], 'scarcely': [87], 'held': [89], 'responsible': [90, 593], 'relative': [93], 'decline,': [94, 297], 'perhaps': [96], 'because': [97, 106], 'too': [98, 128, 133], 'much': [99], 'was': [100, 280, 496, 503, 537], 'initially': [101], 'expected': [102], 'them': [104], 'or': [105, 598], "industry's": [109], 'apparent': [110], 'reluctance': [112], 'undertake': [114], 'training': [115, 151, 299], 'management': [117], 'education,': [118], 'themselves': [121], 'continuously': [124], 'criticized': [125], 'as': [126], 'being': [127, 132], 'academic.(1)': [129], 'Far': [130], 'remote': [134], 'decade': [138], 'their': [140, 270, 492, 523, 591, 596], 'existence,': [141], 'at': [142, 209, 414, 505], 'least,': [143], 'thanks': [144], 'generous': [146], 'support': [147], "government's": [150], 'arm,': [152], 'Training': [154], 'Agency': [155], '(TA),': [156], 'polytechnics': [164], 'helping': [167], 'individuals': [168], 'companies': [170], 'alike': [171], 'most': [174], 'difficult': [175], 'industrial': [176], 'area': [177], 'all--start-ups': [179], 'early': [181, 516, 555], 'growth.': [182], 'success': [184, 320], 'range': [186], 'such': [188], 'enterprise': [189], 'small': [191, 353, 441], 'programs': [193, 536], 'widely': [196], 'commented': [197], 'upon': [198], 'by': [199, 237], 'Birley': [200], '(1985)': [201, 204], 'Vesper': [203], '(who': [205], 'also': [207, 497], 'looked': [208], 'U.S.': [210], 'activity),': [211], 'among': [212], 'others.': [213], 'A': [214], 'more': [215, 358, 560], 'recent': [216, 574], 'offspring': [217], 'exciting': [220], 'educational': [221], 'development': [224], 'Graduate': [228], 'Enterprise': [229], 'Program': [230], '(GEP),': [231], 'again': [232], 'a': [233, 540, 573], 'Training-Agency-sponsored': [234], 'initiative,': [235], 'aided': [236], 'private': [238], 'sector': [239], 'sponsorship': [240], 'Petroleum': [243], '(BP),': [244], 'National': [245], 'Westminster': [246], 'Bank,': [247], 'Arthur': [248], 'Andersen,': [249], 'Institute': [253], 'Management,': [255], 'purpose': [257], 'which': [259, 502], 'is': [260, 355], 'assist': [262], 'first-time': [263], 'graduates': [264, 434, 454, 530], 'with': [265, 292, 395, 461, 499, 519, 539], 'ideas': [267], 'start': [269, 491], 'own': [271, 493], 'businesses.': [272], 'Initiated': [273], 'Scotland': [275], '1983,': [277], 'GEP': [279, 376, 413, 421], 'developed': [281], 'launched': [283], 'England': [285], '1984.': [287], 'Starting': [288], '1988,': [290], 'nonetheless,': [291], 'national': [293], 'unemployment': [294], 'beginning': [295], 'initiative': [300], 'come': [302], 'into': [303], 'question': [304], 'both': [305], 'within': [307], 'government': [308, 427], '(questioning': [309], 'high': [311], 'cost': [312], 'per': [313], 'participant': [314], 'program': [317, 391, 402], 'while': [318], 'measuring': [319], 'only': [321], 'terms': [323], 'immediate': [325], 'new': [326, 550, 565], 'job': [327], 'creation),': [328], 'without': [331], '(from': [332], 'academicians,': [333], 'e.g.,': [334], 'David': [335], 'Storey': [336], '(1987),': [337], 'who': [338], 'claimed': [340], 'that': [347, 429, 580], 'it': [342], 'never': [344], 'shown': [346], 'net': [349], 'effect': [350], 'subsidizing': [352], 'firms': [354, 521, 584], 'create': [357], 'wealth': [359], 'community).': [362], 'This': [363], 'study': [364], 'will': [365], 'attempt': [366], 'evaluate': [368], 'three': [371, 534], 'years': [372], 'English': [375, 535, 581], '(GEP': [377], '1,': [378], '2.3': [379], '1985': [381], '1987)': [383], 'experience': [384], 'date': [386], 'by:': [387], '1.': [388], 'Describing': [389], 'concept': [392], 'design,': [394], 'flaws': [396], 'successes;': [398], '2.': [399], 'Reviewing': [400], 'impact': [403], 'on': [404], 'student': [405], 'entrepreneurship;': [406], '3.': [407], 'Outlining': [408], 'outcomes': [411], 'Cranfield.': [415], 'CONCEPT': [417], 'AND': [418], 'DESIGN': [419], 'program(2)': [422], 'owed': [423], 'its': [424], 'origin': [425], 'concern': [428, 498], 'United': [430], 'Kingdom': [431], '(U.K.)': [432], 'college': [433], 'were': [435, 472], 'less': [436, 473], 'interested': [437], 'self-employment': [439], 'than,': [443], 'example,': [445, 479], 'careers': [446], 'accounting': [448], '(nearly': [449], '10': [450, 507], 'percent': [451, 463, 490, 508, 601], 'U.K.': [453], '1983': [456], 'opted': [457], 'accountancy': [459], 'compared': [460], '0.3': [462], 'self-employment)': [465], '(Careers': [466], 'Service': [467], 'Destination': [468], 'Survey': [469], '1983)': [470], 'enterprising': [474], 'than': [475], 'equivalent': [476], 'graduates,': [477], 'U.S.A.': [482], 'Japan': [484], '(where': [485], 'between': [486], '2': [487], '2.5': [489], 'business).(3)': [494], 'There': [495], 'graduate': [500, 524], 'unemployment,': [501], 'running': [504], 'over': [506], 'depressed': [511], 'employment': [512], 'climate': [513], '1980s,': [517], 'large': [520], 'reducing': [522], 'intake.': [525], 'average': [527], 'age': [528, 542, 562], '24,': [538], 'median': [541], '23.': [544], 'Most': [545], 'studies': [546], 'entrepreneurship': [548], 'creation': [552], 'consider': [553], 'thirties': [556], 'common': [561], 'launching': [564], 'ventures': [566], '(Birley': [567], '1989).': [568], 'Contrary': [569], 'this,': [571], 'study,': [575], 'Dr.': [576], 'Christine': [577], 'Shaw': [578], 'noted': [579], 'founders': [582], 'typically': [589], 'attained': [590], "20's": [597], 'earlier': [599], '(66': [600], 'sample).': [603], '…': [604]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W128831163', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 5}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2025-01-22T09:28:14.908862', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}