Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W100824342', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0361-9_39', 'title': 'Detection And Identification of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins', 'display_name': 'Detection And Identification of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins', 'publication_year': 1996, 'publication_date': '1996-01-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W100824342', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0361-9_39', 'mag': '100824342', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8726084'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0361-9_39', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S43790123', 'display_name': 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'issn_l': '0065-2598', 'issn': ['0065-2598', '2214-8019'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Nature', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature'], 'type': 'book series'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'book-chapter', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5027185455', 'display_name': 'C L Hatheway', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I4210160401', 'display_name': 'National Center for Infectious Diseases', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/04vmke174', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'facility', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1289490764', 'https://openalex.org/I1299022934', 'https://openalex.org/I4210160401']}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1289490764', 'display_name': 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/042twtr12', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'government', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1289490764', 'https://openalex.org/I1299022934']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'C L Hatheway', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I4210160401', 'https://openalex.org/I1289490764']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5055700341', 'display_name': 'Joseph Ferreira', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0600-3803'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'J L Ferreira', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 2, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.582, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 34, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.631274, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 89, 'max': 90}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '481', 'last_page': '498'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11274', 'display_name': 'Botulinum Toxin in Neurology and Medicine', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2728', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11274', 'display_name': 'Botulinum Toxin in Neurology and Medicine', 'score': 0.999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2728', 'display_name': 'Neurology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/27', 'display_name': 'Medicine'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/4', 'display_name': 'Health Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13095', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology of Aconitum Alkaloids in Traditional Medicine', 'score': 0.9664, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3004', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/30', 'display_name': 'Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/botulism', 'display_name': 'Botulism', 'score': 0.95775735}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridium-botulinum', 'display_name': 'Clostridium botulinum', 'score': 0.9245099}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/botulinum-toxin', 'display_name': 'Botulinum Toxin', 'score': 0.527158}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotoxins', 'display_name': 'Neurotoxins', 'score': 0.522075}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779186577', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154865', 'display_name': 'Botulism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.95775735}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777010668', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131268', 'display_name': 'Clostridium botulinum', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.9245099}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C89423630', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193', 'display_name': 'Microbiology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.6661965}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C137858568', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239', 'display_name': 'Organism', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60238206}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777367657', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184651', 'display_name': 'Toxin', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.564178}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777478456', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208413', 'display_name': 'Botulinum toxin', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5131965}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.5115841}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2781092032', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327663', 'display_name': 'Clostridium', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.49837804}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2992397963', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189790', 'display_name': 'Anaerobic bacteria', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.42603287}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C523546767', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876', 'display_name': 'Bacteria', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.3625323}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C71924100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190', 'display_name': 'Medicine', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.33873284}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C151730666', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205', 'display_name': 'Paleontology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C169760540', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011', 'display_name': 'Neuroscience', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D001905', 'descriptor_name': 'Botulinum Toxins', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000032', 'qualifier_name': 'analysis', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001906', 'descriptor_name': 'Botulism', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000175', 'qualifier_name': 'diagnosis', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003014', 'descriptor_name': 'Clostridium botulinum', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015374', 'descriptor_name': 'Biosensing Techniques', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001905', 'descriptor_name': 'Botulinum Toxins', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D001906', 'descriptor_name': 'Botulism', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003014', 'descriptor_name': 'Clostridium botulinum', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000302', 'qualifier_name': 'isolation & purification', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D003014', 'descriptor_name': 'Clostridium botulinum', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000378', 'qualifier_name': 'metabolism', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D007118', 'descriptor_name': 'Immunoassay', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D051379', 'descriptor_name': 'Mice', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0361-9_39', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S43790123', 'display_name': 'Advances in experimental medicine and biology', 'issn_l': '0065-2598', 'issn': ['0065-2598', '2214-8019'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Nature', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature'], 'type': 'book series'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8726084', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2', 'score': 0.56, 'display_name': 'Zero hunger'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 73, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W100527067', 'https://openalex.org/W133203605', 'https://openalex.org/W1494484587', 'https://openalex.org/W1494680985', 'https://openalex.org/W1504686146', 'https://openalex.org/W1506637533', 'https://openalex.org/W1520230806', 'https://openalex.org/W1524577205', 'https://openalex.org/W1525907679', 'https://openalex.org/W1527364761', 'https://openalex.org/W1553755596', 'https://openalex.org/W1592287401', 'https://openalex.org/W167784234', 'https://openalex.org/W1685462549', 'https://openalex.org/W1722849304', 'https://openalex.org/W1746073964', 'https://openalex.org/W1759122839', 'https://openalex.org/W1793484320', 'https://openalex.org/W1805929641', 'https://openalex.org/W1822811601', 'https://openalex.org/W1850277738', 'https://openalex.org/W1891256335', 'https://openalex.org/W1907158440', 'https://openalex.org/W1927043766', 'https://openalex.org/W1936831704', 'https://openalex.org/W1954095515', 'https://openalex.org/W1977216600', 'https://openalex.org/W1980277345', 'https://openalex.org/W1980366062', 'https://openalex.org/W1994464378', 'https://openalex.org/W1994498437', 'https://openalex.org/W1998929181', 'https://openalex.org/W2012790372', 'https://openalex.org/W2020961056', 'https://openalex.org/W2038822887', 'https://openalex.org/W2041408554', 'https://openalex.org/W204351759', 'https://openalex.org/W2046292547', 'https://openalex.org/W2058854941', 'https://openalex.org/W2061018194', 'https://openalex.org/W2061968601', 'https://openalex.org/W2062379948', 'https://openalex.org/W2065286875', 'https://openalex.org/W2068001192', 'https://openalex.org/W2071881166', 'https://openalex.org/W2072752492', 'https://openalex.org/W2099117013', 'https://openalex.org/W2102029603', 'https://openalex.org/W2106022054', 'https://openalex.org/W2110007164', 'https://openalex.org/W2113603453', 'https://openalex.org/W2114107288', 'https://openalex.org/W2122082840', 'https://openalex.org/W2124985960', 'https://openalex.org/W2133685413', 'https://openalex.org/W2137036201', 'https://openalex.org/W2138922889', 'https://openalex.org/W2198560077', 'https://openalex.org/W2238229908', 'https://openalex.org/W231122972', 'https://openalex.org/W2314081140', 'https://openalex.org/W2331546044', 'https://openalex.org/W2472668594', 'https://openalex.org/W2474581657', 'https://openalex.org/W2475852329', 'https://openalex.org/W2488082231', 'https://openalex.org/W2506732497', 'https://openalex.org/W2524118468', 'https://openalex.org/W3008594376', 'https://openalex.org/W400034079', 'https://openalex.org/W4233145502', 'https://openalex.org/W566996585', 'https://openalex.org/W59208270'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W588132762', 'https://openalex.org/W4235298720', 'https://openalex.org/W2998458153', 'https://openalex.org/W2605850300', 'https://openalex.org/W22973672', 'https://openalex.org/W2184044117', 'https://openalex.org/W2160081225', 'https://openalex.org/W2098806042', 'https://openalex.org/W2048444368', 'https://openalex.org/W1583048023'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Botulism': [0, 35], 'is': [1, 19, 36], 'a': [2, 26, 41, 57], 'serious': [3], 'neuroparalytic': [4], 'illness': [5], 'that': [6], 'affects': [7], 'humans': [8], 'and': [9, 12, 15], 'various': [10], 'domestic': [11], 'wild': [13], 'animal': [14], 'avian': [16], 'species.': [17], 'It': [18], 'due': [20], 'to': [21], 'the': [22, 30, 53, 61, 69], 'neurotoxic': [23], 'effect': [24], 'of': [25, 44, 52, 63, 68], 'toxin': [27], 'produced': [28], 'by': [29], 'anaerobic': [31], 'bacterium': [32], 'Clostridium': [33], 'botulinum.': [34], 'most': [37], 'commonly': [38], 'known': [39], 'as': [40], 'foodborne': [42], 'intoxication': [43], 'humans;': [45], 'it': [46], 'also': [47], 'can': [48], 'result': [49], 'from': [50, 66], 'growth': [51], 'toxigenic': [54], 'organism': [55], 'in': [56, 60], 'wound': [58], 'or,': [59], 'case': [62], 'infant': [64], 'botulism,': [65], 'colonization': [67], 'intestinal': [70], 'tract.': [71]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W100824342', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 3}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-08-15T11:45:02.509888', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}