Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3123055443', 'doi': None, 'title': 'Implications of the Capital-Embodiment Revolution for Directed R&D and Wage Inequality', 'display_name': 'Implications of the Capital-Embodiment Revolution for Directed R&D and Wage Inequality', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-10-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3123055443', 'mag': '3123055443'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.richmondfed.org/~/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2003/fall/pdf/hornstein.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764398645', 'display_name': 'Economic quarterly - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond', 'issn_l': '1069-7225', 'issn': ['1069-7225', '2163-4556'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'posted-content', 'indexed_in': [], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5035032305', 'display_name': 'Andreas Hornstein', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Andreas Hornstein', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5059525183', 'display_name': 'Per Krusell', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3565-5045'}, 'institutions': [], 'countries': [], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Per Krusell', 'raw_affiliation_strings': [], 'affiliations': []}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 0, 'institutions_distinct_count': 0, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 0.532, 'has_fulltext': False, 'cited_by_count': 11, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.76701, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 81, 'max': 82}, 'biblio': {'volume': '89', 'issue': '4', 'first_page': '25', 'last_page': '50'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10393', 'display_name': 'Economic Growth and Productivity', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10393', 'display_name': 'Economic Growth and Productivity', 'score': 0.9996, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11742', 'display_name': 'Economic Theory and Policy', 'score': 0.9922, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2000', 'display_name': 'General Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T12851', 'display_name': 'Firm Innovation and Growth', 'score': 0.9792, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-change', 'display_name': 'Technical change', 'score': 0.7525564}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-inequality', 'display_name': 'Wage Inequality', 'score': 0.5172768}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.76673687}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777098202', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7692324', 'display_name': 'Technical change', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7525564}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2777388388', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213', 'display_name': 'Wage', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.7082973}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C145236788', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161', 'display_name': 'Labour economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.5459856}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776943663', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687', 'display_name': 'Human capital', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5358191}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C137996800', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702', 'display_name': 'Technological change', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5329097}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2994086107', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020', 'display_name': 'Wage inequality', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.5172768}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C45555294', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351', 'display_name': 'Inequality', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.4665864}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C204983608', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958', 'display_name': 'Productivity', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.13805118}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139719470', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680', 'display_name': 'Macroeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.11330271}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C34447519', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522', 'display_name': 'Market economy', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0830355}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134306372', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754', 'display_name': 'Mathematical analysis', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C33923547', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395', 'display_name': 'Mathematics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://www.richmondfed.org/~/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2003/fall/pdf/hornstein.pdf', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S2764398645', 'display_name': 'Economic quarterly - Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond', 'issn_l': '1069-7225', 'issn': ['1069-7225', '2163-4556'], 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': None, 'host_organization_name': None, 'host_organization_lineage': [], 'host_organization_lineage_names': [], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'submittedVersion', 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Decent work and economic growth', 'score': 0.75, 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 6, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1981162738', 'https://openalex.org/W2106315213', 'https://openalex.org/W2138992063', 'https://openalex.org/W3122529347', 'https://openalex.org/W3123233266', 'https://openalex.org/W3124317057'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W3143514097', 'https://openalex.org/W3123322297', 'https://openalex.org/W3123288930', 'https://openalex.org/W3122918967', 'https://openalex.org/W3122457809', 'https://openalex.org/W2999077494', 'https://openalex.org/W2992725850', 'https://openalex.org/W2758040130', 'https://openalex.org/W2578790809', 'https://openalex.org/W2291629266', 'https://openalex.org/W2287739328', 'https://openalex.org/W2255419879', 'https://openalex.org/W2151071564', 'https://openalex.org/W2138992063', 'https://openalex.org/W2137653822', 'https://openalex.org/W2117425893', 'https://openalex.org/W2113951765', 'https://openalex.org/W2106315213', 'https://openalex.org/W1981162738', 'https://openalex.org/W1965631684'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Wage': [0, 329], 'inequality': [1, 259, 321, 342, 431], 'has': [2, 100, 153, 337, 473, 479, 491], 'increased': [3], 'dramatically': [4], 'in': [5, 232, 274, 313, 319, 325, 467, 477, 485, 498], 'the': [6, 10, 34, 38, 42, 57, 60, 76, 110, 125, 156, 164, 175, 186, 190, 201, 206, 233, 245, 261, 275, 284, 297, 303, 307, 316, 369, 420, 426, 446, 468, 488, 496, 499], 'United': [7], 'States': [8], 'since': [9], 'late': [11], '1970s.': [12], 'In': [13, 148, 181, 251, 374], 'particular,': [14, 375], 'we': [15, 67, 184, 227], 'have': [16, 69, 504], 'witnessed': [17], 'growing': [18], 'wage': [19, 126, 167, 258, 320, 341, 430, 452], 'differences': [20], 'between': [21, 41, 448], 'groups': [22], 'defined': [23], 'by': [24, 50, 293], 'observed': [25, 317], 'skills': [26], 'such': [27, 349], 'as': [28, 291], 'education': [29], 'or': [30], 'experience.': [31], 'For': [32], 'example,': [33], 'college': [35, 77], 'premium-that': [36], 'is,': [37], 'percentage': [39], 'difference': [40], 'average': [43], 'wages': [44, 133, 366, 379, 449], 'of': [45, 53, 63, 75, 112, 162, 166, 178, 189, 192, 209, 236, 248, 278, 287, 306, 371, 422, 425, 429, 440, 445, 487], 'college-educated': [46, 64], 'and': [47, 260, 271, 322, 343, 399, 432, 450, 494], 'non-college-educated': [48], 'workers-increased': [49], 'a': [51, 73, 82, 160, 196, 229, 269, 350, 416], 'factor': [52], 'four.': [54], 'Since': [55], 'at': [56, 282], 'same': [58], 'time': [59], 'relative': [61, 207, 234, 276, 358], 'supply': [62], 'workers': [65, 117], 'increased,': [66], 'would': [68], 'expected': [70], 'to': [71, 173, 215, 242, 253, 332, 364, 367, 481, 503], 'see': [72], 'fall': [74, 231, 273], 'premium.': [78], 'The': [79], 'fact': [80], 'that': [81, 88, 99, 131, 205], 'decrease': [83], 'did': [84], 'not': [85, 346, 376], 'occur': [86], 'suggests': [87], 'something': [89], 'else': [90], 'changed': [91], 'too.': [92], 'A': [93], 'natural': [94], 'candidate': [95], 'is': [96, 171, 213, 299, 302, 434, 464], 'technical': [97, 113, 140, 150, 179, 193, 355, 372], 'change': [98, 114, 141, 151, 194, 356], 'been': [101, 154, 474], 'biased': [143, 155], 'toward': [103, 145], 'skilled': [104, 116, 146, 216], 'labor': [105], 'over': [106], 'this': [107, 182, 249, 254, 288, 311], 'time.': [108], 'If': [109], 'nature': [111, 370], 'makes': [115], 'relatively': [118], 'more': [119, 144], 'productive': [120], 'than': [121], 'unskilled': [122], 'workers,': [123], 'then': [124, 221, 267], 'gap': [127], 'will': [128], 'widen,': [129], 'assuming': [130], 'market': [132], 'reflect': [134, 380], 'marginal': [135, 382], 'productivities.': [136], 'But': [137], 'why': [138], 'should': [139], 'be': [142], 'labor?': [147], 'fact,': [149], 'sometimes': [152], 'other': [157], 'way.': [158], 'From': [159], 'perspective': [161], 'understanding': [163, 390, 439], 'evolution': [165], 'inequality,': [168], 'then,': [169], 'it': [170, 361, 501], 'important': [172, 435], 'determine': [174], 'possible': [176, 304], 'bias': [177, 191], 'change.': [180, 373], 'article': [183], 'investigate': [185], 'long-term': [187], 'determinants': [188], 'using': [195], 'dynamic': [197], 'model': [198], 'where': [199, 391], 'RD': [200], 'defining': [202], 'event': [203], 'was': [204], 'price': [208, 235, 277, 289], 'new': [210, 237, 279], 'capital,': [211, 238], 'which': [212, 239], 'complementary': [214], 'labor,': [217], 'fell': [218], 'significantly.': [219], 'We': [220, 266, 411], 'consider': [222, 228, 268], 'two': [223], 'quantitative': [224, 335, 423], 'experiments.': [225], 'First,': [226], 'one-time': [230], 'allows': [240, 362], 'us': [241, 353, 363], 'trace': [243], 'out': [244], 'short-run': [246], 'dynamics': [247], 'model:': [250], 'response': [252], 'impulse,': [255], 'how': [256, 354], 'do': [257, 378], 'induced': [262], 'directed': [263], 'R&D': [264, 393], 'react?': [265], 'gradual': [270], 'persistent': [272], 'capital': [280], 'aimed': [281], 'matching': [283], 'actual': [285], 'behavior': [286], 'series': [290], 'measured': [292], 'U.S.': [294], 'data.': [295], 'Now': [296], 'question': [298], 'quantitative:': [300], 'What': [301], 'role': [305], 'IT': [489], 'revolution,': [309], 'viewed': [310], 'way,': [312], 'accounting': [314], 'for': [315, 340, 389, 406, 436, 459], 'increase': [318], 'associated': [323], 'changes': [324, 497], 'productivity?': [326, 510], 'Why': [327], 'Is': [328], 'Inequality': [330], 'Relevant': [331], 'Macroeconomists?': [333], 'Our': [334], 'theory': [336, 351], 'joint': [338, 427], 'implications': [339], 'technology.': [344], 'Thus,': [345], 'only': [347, 377], 'can': [348], 'tell': [352], 'influences': [357], 'wages,': [359], 'but': [360, 384], 'use': [365], 'understand': [368], 'current': [381, 392], 'productivities,': [383], 'they': [385], 'are': [386, 395, 454], 'also': [387, 507], 'relevant': [388], 'efforts': [394], 'directed-both': [396], 'its': [397, 400], 'composition': [398], 'effect': [401], 'on': [402, 415, 466], 'aggregate': [403, 441, 469, 482], 'productivity-and': [404], 'thus': [405], 'predicting': [407], 'future': [408], 'productivity': [409], 'movements.': [410], 'therefore': [412], 'believe': [413], 'that,': [414], 'general': [417], 'methodological': [418], 'level,': [419], 'development': [421], 'theories': [424, 461], 'determination': [428], 'technology': [433], 'furthering': [437], 'our': [438], 'economic': [442], 'performance.': [443], 'Because': [444], 'connection': [447], 'technology,': [451, 493], 'data': [453], 'an': [455], 'interesting': [456], 'testing': [457], 'ground': [458], 'different': [460], 'about': [462], 'what': [463, 478], 'going': [465], 'economy.': [470], 'Namely,': [471], 'there': [472], 'widespread': [475], 'interest': [476], 'happened': [480], 'productivity,': [483], 'especially': [484], 'light': [486], 'revolution:': [490], 'all': [495], 'workplace': [500], 'seems': [502], 'led': [505], 'to,': [506], 'delivered': [508], 'higher': [509], '…': [511]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3123055443', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 2}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-15T09:36:15.062139', 'created_date': '2021-02-01'}