Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W3121586043', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joeg.0000038933.16398.ed', 'title': 'Do Institutions Cause Growth?', 'display_name': 'Do Institutions Cause Growth?', 'publication_year': 2004, 'publication_date': '2004-09-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W3121586043', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joeg.0000038933.16398.ed', 'mag': '3121586043'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joeg.0000038933.16398.ed', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S181171746', 'display_name': 'Journal of Economic Growth', 'issn_l': '1381-4338', 'issn': ['1381-4338', '1573-7020'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': True, 'oa_status': 'green', 'oa_url': 'https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/27867242/1/w10568.pdf', 'any_repository_has_fulltext': True}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5079166689', 'display_name': 'Edward L. Glaeser', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801851002', 'display_name': 'Harvard University Press', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/006v7bf86', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984', 'https://openalex.org/I2801851002']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Edward L. Glaeser', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Harvard University, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Harvard University, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801851002']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5084502099', 'display_name': 'Rafael La Porta', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I107672454', 'display_name': 'Dartmouth College', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/049s0rh22', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I107672454']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Rafael La Porta', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Dartmouth College, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Dartmouth College, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I107672454']}]}, {'author_position': 'middle', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5042883925', 'display_name': 'Florencio López‐de‐Silanes', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5204-5599'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I32971472', 'display_name': 'Yale University', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/03v76x132', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'education', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Yale University, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Yale University, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I32971472']}]}, {'author_position': 'last', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5000523664', 'display_name': 'Andrei Shleifer', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801851002', 'display_name': 'Harvard University Press', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/006v7bf86', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'other', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984', 'https://openalex.org/I2801851002']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': False, 'raw_author_name': 'Andrei Shleifer', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Harvard University, USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Harvard University, USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801851002']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 3, 'corresponding_author_ids': [], 'corresponding_institution_ids': [], 'apc_list': {'value': 3060, 'currency': 'EUR', 'value_usd': 3860, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 360.18, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'pdf', 'cited_by_count': 3222, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.999983, 'is_in_top_1_percent': True, 'is_in_top_10_percent': True}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 99, 'max': 100}, 'biblio': {'volume': '9', 'issue': '3', 'first_page': '271', 'last_page': '303'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11042', 'display_name': 'Causes and Effects of Corruption', 'score': 0.9968, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11042', 'display_name': 'Causes and Effects of Corruption', 'score': 0.9968, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/3312', 'display_name': 'Sociology and Political Science'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/33', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11770', 'display_name': 'Impact of Infrastructure and Taxation on Economic Growth', 'score': 0.9914, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2002', 'display_name': 'Economics and Econometrics'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/20', 'display_name': 'Economics, Econometrics and Finance'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/2', 'display_name': 'Social Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T13867', 'display_name': 'Information and Communication Technology and Financial Access in Africa', 'score': 0.9912, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1710', 'display_name': 'Information Systems'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-variable', 'display_name': 'Instrumental variable', 'score': 0.60783774}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-quality', 'display_name': 'Institutional Quality', 'score': 0.536988}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/capital', 'display_name': 'Capital (architecture)', 'score': 0.42471907}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162324750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134', 'display_name': 'Economics', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.676909}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776943663', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687', 'display_name': 'Human capital', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.66593885}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C162144332', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305', 'display_name': 'Instrumental variable', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.60783774}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C136197465', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295', 'display_name': 'Variety (cybernetics)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5727127}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C94625758', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163', 'display_name': 'Politics', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.56668603}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C189326681', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294', 'display_name': 'Poverty', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.55869216}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C47768531', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188', 'display_name': 'Development economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.51837593}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2779530757', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505', 'display_name': 'Quality (philosophy)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.50160027}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C83646750', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893', 'display_name': 'Capital (architecture)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.42471907}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C74363100', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005', 'display_name': 'Economic system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.39728993}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C100001284', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246', 'display_name': 'Public economics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.36482108}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C139719470', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680', 'display_name': 'Macroeconomics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35383388}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C50522688', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833', 'display_name': 'Economic growth', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.24529666}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.16093907}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C166957645', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498', 'display_name': 'Archaeology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C149782125', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039', 'display_name': 'Econometrics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95457728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309', 'display_name': 'History', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 5, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joeg.0000038933.16398.ed', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S181171746', 'display_name': 'Journal of Economic Growth', 'issn_l': '1381-4338', 'issn': ['1381-4338', '1573-7020'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900', 'host_organization_name': 'Springer Science+Business Media', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310319965', 'https://openalex.org/P4310319900'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Springer Nature', 'Springer Science+Business Media'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27867242', 'pdf_url': 'https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/27867242/1/w10568.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401540', 'display_name': 'Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I136199984', 'host_organization_name': 'Harvard University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Harvard University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10568.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://papers.nber.org/papers/w10568.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4308707206', 'display_name': 'Library Union Catalog of Bavaria, Berlin and Brandenburg (B3Kat Repository)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I157725225', 'host_organization_name': 'University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I157725225'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/27867242/w10568.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/27867242/w10568.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w10568.pdf', 'pdf_url': 'http://www.nber.org/papers/w10568.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401271', 'display_name': 'RePEc: Research Papers in Economics', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I77793887', 'host_organization_name': 'Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I77793887'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}], 'best_oa_location': {'is_oa': True, 'landing_page_url': 'http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27867242', 'pdf_url': 'https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/27867242/1/w10568.pdf', 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306401540', 'display_name': 'Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': True, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I136199984', 'host_organization_name': 'Harvard University', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I136199984'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Harvard University'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': 'cc-by', 'license_id': 'https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by', 'version': 'publishedVersion', 'is_accepted': True, 'is_published': True}, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'score': 0.78, 'display_name': 'No poverty', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1'}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 50, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1544556248', 'https://openalex.org/W1553120579', 'https://openalex.org/W1965682262', 'https://openalex.org/W1969519191', 'https://openalex.org/W1977433163', 'https://openalex.org/W1982108682', 'https://openalex.org/W1991128340', 'https://openalex.org/W2010235856', 'https://openalex.org/W2026187159', 'https://openalex.org/W2054439740', 'https://openalex.org/W2066823663', 'https://openalex.org/W2066979365', 'https://openalex.org/W2071240032', 'https://openalex.org/W2093265904', 'https://openalex.org/W2095701068', 'https://openalex.org/W2107660968', 'https://openalex.org/W2110537446', 'https://openalex.org/W2110740819', 'https://openalex.org/W2113224665', 'https://openalex.org/W2121597032', 'https://openalex.org/W2124190239', 'https://openalex.org/W2129529963', 'https://openalex.org/W2133369488', 'https://openalex.org/W2138522037', 'https://openalex.org/W2140269385', 'https://openalex.org/W2143943407', 'https://openalex.org/W2152414118', 'https://openalex.org/W2312441521', 'https://openalex.org/W2319526285', 'https://openalex.org/W2570960336', 'https://openalex.org/W2798462310', 'https://openalex.org/W2889664061', 'https://openalex.org/W3021593216', 'https://openalex.org/W3090285619', 'https://openalex.org/W3121147769', 'https://openalex.org/W3121759882', 'https://openalex.org/W3122475285', 'https://openalex.org/W3122513675', 'https://openalex.org/W3122705141', 'https://openalex.org/W3123071216', 'https://openalex.org/W3123674119', 'https://openalex.org/W3124131699', 'https://openalex.org/W3124380383', 'https://openalex.org/W3124417004', 'https://openalex.org/W3124488712', 'https://openalex.org/W3124886457', 'https://openalex.org/W4298082689', 'https://openalex.org/W4298413470', 'https://openalex.org/W4298859129', 'https://openalex.org/W4300848461'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4200299355', 'https://openalex.org/W3121630621', 'https://openalex.org/W3121554743', 'https://openalex.org/W3007145966', 'https://openalex.org/W2602496263', 'https://openalex.org/W2181895685', 'https://openalex.org/W2051418878', 'https://openalex.org/W200382472', 'https://openalex.org/W1594405807', 'https://openalex.org/W1544326704'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'We': [0, 23, 49], 'revisit': [1], 'the': [2, 34, 55, 61, 90], 'debate': [3], 'over': [4], 'whether': [5], 'political': [6, 111], 'institutions': [7, 37], 'cause': [8, 38], 'economic': [9], 'growth,': [10], 'or': [11], 'whether,': [12], 'alternatively,': [13], 'growth': [14, 39, 87], 'and': [15, 106], 'human': [16, 79], 'capital': [17, 80], 'accumulation': [18], 'lead': [19], 'to': [20, 32, 42], 'institutional': [21, 29], 'improvement.': [22], 'find': [24, 51], 'that': [25, 36, 47, 52, 77], 'most': [26], 'indicators': [27], 'of': [28, 54, 73, 86, 97], 'quality': [30], 'used': [31, 59], 'establish': [33], 'proposition': [35], 'are': [40, 63, 89], 'constructed': [41], 'be': [43], 'conceptually': [44], 'unsuitable': [45], 'for': [46], 'purpose.': [48], 'also': [50], 'some': [53], 'instrumental': [56], 'variable': [57], 'techniques': [58], 'in': [60], 'literature': [62], 'flawed.': [64], 'Basic': [65], 'OLS': [66], 'results,': [67], 'as': [68, 70], 'well': [69], 'a': [71, 82], 'variety': [72], 'additional': [74], 'evidence,': [75], 'suggest': [76], '(a)': [78], 'is': [81], 'more': [83], 'basic': [84], 'source': [85], 'than': [88], 'institutions,': [91], '(b)': [92], 'poor': [93], 'countries': [94], 'get': [95], 'out': [96], 'poverty': [98], 'through': [99], 'good': [100], 'policies,': [101], 'often': [102], 'pursued': [103], 'by': [104], 'dictators,': [105], '(c)': [107], 'subsequently': [108], 'improve': [109], 'their': [110], 'institutions.': [112]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121586043', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2024, 'cited_by_count': 69}, {'year': 2023, 'cited_by_count': 113}, {'year': 2022, 'cited_by_count': 116}, {'year': 2021, 'cited_by_count': 155}, {'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 146}, {'year': 2019, 'cited_by_count': 207}, {'year': 2018, 'cited_by_count': 139}, {'year': 2017, 'cited_by_count': 170}, {'year': 2016, 'cited_by_count': 152}, {'year': 2015, 'cited_by_count': 191}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 247}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 214}, {'year': 2012, 'cited_by_count': 178}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-14T02:06:40.695223', 'created_date': '2021-02-01'}