Get quick answers to your questions about the article from our AI researcher chatbot
{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1996373540', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80061-6', 'title': 'Positive selection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells', 'display_name': 'Positive selection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells', 'publication_year': 1996, 'publication_date': '1996-04-01', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1996373540', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80061-6', 'mag': '1996373540', 'pmid': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8725946'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80061-6', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S170047187', 'display_name': 'Current Opinion in Immunology', 'issn_l': '0952-7915', 'issn': ['0952-7915', '1879-0372'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'review', 'type_crossref': 'journal-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref', 'pubmed'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5080038046', 'display_name': 'Cynthia J. Guidos', 'orcid': 'https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7674-2612'}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I2801317318', 'display_name': 'Hospital for Sick Children', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/057q4rt57', 'country_code': 'CA', 'type': 'healthcare', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I2801317318']}], 'countries': ['CA'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'Cynthia J Guidos', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['Division of Immunology & Cancer, Rm 9107B, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1XB'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'Division of Immunology & Cancer, Rm 9107B, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1XB', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801317318']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5080038046'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I2801317318'], 'apc_list': {'value': 4120, 'currency': 'USD', 'value_usd': 4120, 'provenance': 'doaj'}, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 1.099, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 55, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.490927, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 92, 'max': 93}, 'biblio': {'volume': '8', 'issue': '2', 'first_page': '225', 'last_page': '232'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10031', 'display_name': 'Regulatory T Cell Development and Function', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10031', 'display_name': 'Regulatory T Cell Development and Function', 'score': 1.0, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11020', 'display_name': 'Natural Killer Cells in Immunity', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10580', 'display_name': 'Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells', 'score': 0.9999, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/2403', 'display_name': 'Immunology'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/24', 'display_name': 'Immunology and Microbiology'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/1', 'display_name': 'Life Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-selection', 'display_name': 'Positive selection', 'score': 0.824961}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-selection', 'display_name': 'Negative selection', 'score': 0.69700706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/thymic-selection', 'display_name': 'Thymic Selection', 'score': 0.503212}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/lineage', 'display_name': 'Lineage (genetic)', 'score': 0.4628787}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2986302931', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764759', 'display_name': 'Positive selection', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.824961}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C7386963', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3954859', 'display_name': 'Negative selection', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.69700706}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C86803240', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420', 'display_name': 'Biology', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.6582592}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C81917197', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760', 'display_name': 'Selection (genetic algorithm)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.6423902}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C62478195', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130', 'display_name': 'Signal transduction', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.528763}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2780932548', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056532', 'display_name': 'CD44', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51906973}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C167672396', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417800', 'display_name': 'CD8', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.51645803}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776817793', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6553369', 'display_name': 'Lineage (genetic)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.4628787}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C19317047', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412037', 'display_name': 'T-cell receptor', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.43308377}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154317977', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376266', 'display_name': 'Cytotoxic T cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.41229305}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C95444343', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141', 'display_name': 'Cell biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.40605673}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C54355233', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162', 'display_name': 'Genetics', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.35373884}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C203014093', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929', 'display_name': 'Immunology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3481736}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C70721500', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005', 'display_name': 'Computational biology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3361323}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2776090121', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529', 'display_name': 'T cell', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.26413643}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104317684', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187', 'display_name': 'Gene', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.2026197}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C147483822', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537', 'display_name': 'Antigen', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.18823707}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C8891405', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059', 'display_name': 'Immune system', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.15381336}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C1491633281', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868', 'display_name': 'Cell', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.149402}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.06972575}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C141231307', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020', 'display_name': 'Genome', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.06403613}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C202751555', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681', 'display_name': 'In vitro', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [{'descriptor_ui': 'D015496', 'descriptor_name': 'CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015496', 'descriptor_name': 'CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000166', 'qualifier_name': 'cytology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018414', 'descriptor_name': 'CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000502', 'qualifier_name': 'physiology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018414', 'descriptor_name': 'CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000166', 'qualifier_name': 'cytology', 'is_major_topic': True}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D000818', 'descriptor_name': 'Animals', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015496', 'descriptor_name': 'CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D018414', 'descriptor_name': 'CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002454', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Differentiation', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D002454', 'descriptor_name': 'Cell Differentiation', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D006801', 'descriptor_name': 'Humans', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015398', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Transduction', 'qualifier_ui': 'Q000276', 'qualifier_name': 'immunology', 'is_major_topic': False}, {'descriptor_ui': 'D015398', 'descriptor_name': 'Signal Transduction', 'qualifier_ui': '', 'qualifier_name': None, 'is_major_topic': False}], 'locations_count': 2, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80061-6', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S170047187', 'display_name': 'Current Opinion in Immunology', 'issn_l': '0952-7915', 'issn': ['0952-7915', '1879-0372'], 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': True, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/P4310320990', 'host_organization_name': 'Elsevier BV', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/P4310320990'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['Elsevier BV'], 'type': 'journal'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8725946', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/S4306525036', 'display_name': 'PubMed', 'issn_l': None, 'issn': None, 'is_oa': False, 'is_in_doaj': False, 'is_core': False, 'host_organization': 'https://openalex.org/I1299303238', 'host_organization_name': 'National Institutes of Health', 'host_organization_lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1299303238'], 'host_organization_lineage_names': ['National Institutes of Health'], 'type': 'repository'}, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 54, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W111486330', 'https://openalex.org/W1487729439', 'https://openalex.org/W1499969810', 'https://openalex.org/W1499978984', 'https://openalex.org/W1517252174', 'https://openalex.org/W1533917771', 'https://openalex.org/W1571312540', 'https://openalex.org/W1573804855', 'https://openalex.org/W1580308596', 'https://openalex.org/W1599120105', 'https://openalex.org/W1613492859', 'https://openalex.org/W1652976025', 'https://openalex.org/W18630108', 'https://openalex.org/W1961132966', 'https://openalex.org/W1971150396', 'https://openalex.org/W1972331668', 'https://openalex.org/W1972686839', 'https://openalex.org/W1975597891', 'https://openalex.org/W1981375452', 'https://openalex.org/W1983865595', 'https://openalex.org/W1995205975', 'https://openalex.org/W2000199728', 'https://openalex.org/W2006665853', 'https://openalex.org/W2007640430', 'https://openalex.org/W2008083688', 'https://openalex.org/W2012634887', 'https://openalex.org/W2013255473', 'https://openalex.org/W2015953791', 'https://openalex.org/W2017037387', 'https://openalex.org/W2019670504', 'https://openalex.org/W2022978700', 'https://openalex.org/W2029792164', 'https://openalex.org/W2034403218', 'https://openalex.org/W2035117469', 'https://openalex.org/W2052249831', 'https://openalex.org/W2055444005', 'https://openalex.org/W2059020778', 'https://openalex.org/W2062306924', 'https://openalex.org/W2064336505', 'https://openalex.org/W2068982799', 'https://openalex.org/W2072984471', 'https://openalex.org/W2081913102', 'https://openalex.org/W2094314719', 'https://openalex.org/W2095352046', 'https://openalex.org/W2108254616', 'https://openalex.org/W2109577448', 'https://openalex.org/W2116880877', 'https://openalex.org/W2145161797', 'https://openalex.org/W2156008881', 'https://openalex.org/W2159049396', 'https://openalex.org/W2174800991', 'https://openalex.org/W2186755194', 'https://openalex.org/W2615548860', 'https://openalex.org/W2739552255'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4313373511', 'https://openalex.org/W4256243426', 'https://openalex.org/W2400773827', 'https://openalex.org/W2147915567', 'https://openalex.org/W2049722388', 'https://openalex.org/W2030114807', 'https://openalex.org/W2003216771', 'https://openalex.org/W1961154712', 'https://openalex.org/W1718537877', 'https://openalex.org/W1561959412'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'Significant': [0], 'progress': [1], 'has': [2], 'been': [3], 'made': [4], 'in': [5, 10], 'characterizing': [6], 'intermediates': [7], 'and': [8, 53], 'defining': [9], 'individual': [11], 'steps': [12], 'of': [13, 21, 31, 39], 'positive': [14, 37, 51, 63], 'selection,': [15], 'providing': [16], 'important': [17, 35, 49], 'insights': [18], 'into': [19], 'mechanisms': [20], 'CD4/CD8': [22], 'lineage': [23], 'commitment.': [24], 'New': [25], 'evidence': [26, 56], 'suggests': [27], 'that': [28, 57], 'specific': [29], 'recognition': [30], 'peptides': [32], 'may': [33, 61], 'be': [34], 'for': [36, 50], 'selection': [38, 52], 'CD44': [40], 'T': [41], 'cells.': [42], 'Several': [43], 'studies': [44], 'have': [45, 54], 'defined': [46], 'signal-transduction': [47], 'pathways': [48, 60], 'provided': [55], 'distinct': [58], 'signaling': [59], 'regulate': [62], 'versus': [64], 'negative': [65], 'selection.': [66]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1996373540', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 1}], 'updated_date': '2024-09-26T21:59:38.699790', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}