Title: In situ Groundwater Remediation Using Enricher Reactor – Permeable Reactive Biobarrier
Abstract: Permeable reactive biobarrier (PRBB) is a flow-through zone where microorganisms degrade contaminants in groundwater.Discontinuous presence of contaminants in groundwater causes performance loss of a PRBB in removing the target contaminant.A novel enricher reactor (ER) -PRBB system was developed to treat groundwater with contaminants that reappear after an absence period.ER is an offline reactor for enriching contaminant degraders, which were used for augmenting PRBB to maintain its performance after a period of contaminant absence.The ER-PRBB concept was initially applied to remove benzene that reappeared after absence periods of 10 and 25 days.PRBBs without ER augmentation experienced performance losses of up to 15% higher than ER-PRBBs.The role of inducer compounds in the ER to enrich bacteria that can degrade a mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) was investigated with an objective to minimize the use of toxic chemicals as inducers.Three inducer types were studied: individual BTEX compounds, BTEX mixture, and benzoate (a non toxic and a common intermediate for BTEX biodegradation).Complete BTEX removal was observed for degraders enriched on all three inducer types; however, the removal rates were dependent on the inducer type.Degraders enriched on toluene and BTEX had the highest degradation rates for BTEX of 0.006 to 0.014 day -1 and 0.006 to 0.012 day -1 , respectively, while degraders enriched on benzoate showed the lowest degradation rates of 0.004 to 0.009 day -1 .The ER-PRBB technique was finally applied to address the performance loss of a PRBB due to inhibition interactions among BTEX, when the mixture reappeared after a iv 10 day absence period.The ER-PRBBs experienced minimal to no performance loss, while PRBBs without ER augmentation experienced performance losses between 11% and 35%.Presence of ethanol during the BTEX absence period increased the performance loss of PRBB for benzene removal.PRBBs augmented with degraders enriched on toluene alone overcame the inhibition interaction between benzene and toluene indicating that toluene can be used as a single effective inducer in an ER.The ER-PRBB was demonstrated to be a promising remediation technique and has potential for applications to a wide range of organic contaminants.v