Publication Information

{'id': 'https://openalex.org/W1937995180', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs.1989.37958', 'title': 'A probabilistic approach to distributed clock synchronization', 'display_name': 'A probabilistic approach to distributed clock synchronization', 'publication_year': 2003, 'publication_date': '2003-01-07', 'ids': {'openalex': 'https://openalex.org/W1937995180', 'doi': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs.1989.37958', 'mag': '1937995180'}, 'language': 'en', 'primary_location': {'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs.1989.37958', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}, 'type': 'article', 'type_crossref': 'proceedings-article', 'indexed_in': ['crossref'], 'open_access': {'is_oa': False, 'oa_status': 'closed', 'oa_url': None, 'any_repository_has_fulltext': False}, 'authorships': [{'author_position': 'first', 'author': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/A5037913402', 'display_name': 'Flaviu Cristian', 'orcid': None}, 'institutions': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/I1341412227', 'display_name': 'IBM (United States)', 'ror': 'https://ror.org/05hh8d621', 'country_code': 'US', 'type': 'company', 'lineage': ['https://openalex.org/I1341412227']}], 'countries': ['US'], 'is_corresponding': True, 'raw_author_name': 'F. Cristian', 'raw_affiliation_strings': ['IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA USA'], 'affiliations': [{'raw_affiliation_string': 'IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA USA', 'institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1341412227']}]}], 'institution_assertions': [], 'countries_distinct_count': 1, 'institutions_distinct_count': 1, 'corresponding_author_ids': ['https://openalex.org/A5037913402'], 'corresponding_institution_ids': ['https://openalex.org/I1341412227'], 'apc_list': None, 'apc_paid': None, 'fwci': 2.832, 'has_fulltext': True, 'fulltext_origin': 'ngrams', 'cited_by_count': 62, 'citation_normalized_percentile': {'value': 0.886284, 'is_in_top_1_percent': False, 'is_in_top_10_percent': False}, 'cited_by_percentile_year': {'min': 93, 'max': 94}, 'biblio': {'volume': None, 'issue': None, 'first_page': '288', 'last_page': '296'}, 'is_retracted': False, 'is_paratext': False, 'primary_topic': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10772', 'display_name': 'Distributed systems and fault tolerance', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1705', 'display_name': 'Computer Networks and Communications'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, 'topics': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10772', 'display_name': 'Distributed systems and fault tolerance', 'score': 0.9995, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1705', 'display_name': 'Computer Networks and Communications'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T10054', 'display_name': 'Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques', 'score': 0.9993, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1708', 'display_name': 'Hardware and Architecture'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/T11181', 'display_name': 'Advanced Data Storage Technologies', 'score': 0.9958, 'subfield': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/subfields/1705', 'display_name': 'Computer Networks and Communications'}, 'field': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/fields/17', 'display_name': 'Computer Science'}, 'domain': {'id': 'https://openalex.org/domains/3', 'display_name': 'Physical Sciences'}}], 'keywords': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-clock', 'display_name': 'Vector clock', 'score': 0.8328744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift', 'display_name': 'Clock drift', 'score': 0.63606817}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-failure', 'display_name': 'Timing failure', 'score': 0.5408597}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-clock-manager', 'display_name': 'Digital clock manager', 'score': 0.5072543}], 'concepts': [{'id': 'https://openalex.org/C129891060', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059', 'display_name': 'Clock synchronization', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.85279405}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C52563298', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413349', 'display_name': 'Vector clock', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.8328744}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C41008148', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198', 'display_name': 'Computer science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.7523661}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C49937458', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292', 'display_name': 'Probabilistic logic', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.750762}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C2778562939', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791', 'display_name': 'Synchronization (alternating current)', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.7064785}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C155837451', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144', 'display_name': 'Clock drift', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.63606817}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C98045186', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663', 'display_name': 'Process (computing)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5747861}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C75553542', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161', 'display_name': 'A priori and a posteriori', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.5574981}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C104654189', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806740', 'display_name': 'Timing failure', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.5408597}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C554936623', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657', 'display_name': 'Reading (process)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.53842795}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C113074038', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276052', 'display_name': 'Digital clock manager', 'level': 5, 'score': 0.5072543}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C60501442', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014', 'display_name': 'Clock skew', 'level': 4, 'score': 0.46700108}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C79403827', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988', 'display_name': 'Real-time computing', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.44221306}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C11413529', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366', 'display_name': 'Algorithm', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.3816507}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C137059387', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882', 'display_name': 'Clock signal', 'level': 3, 'score': 0.16451347}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C154945302', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660', 'display_name': 'Artificial intelligence', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.1310209}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C31258907', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371', 'display_name': 'Computer network', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.11294541}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C76155785', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418', 'display_name': 'Telecommunications', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.09018403}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C138885662', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891', 'display_name': 'Philosophy', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C127162648', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953', 'display_name': 'Channel (broadcasting)', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111472728', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471', 'display_name': 'Epistemology', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C17744445', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442', 'display_name': 'Political science', 'level': 0, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C134652429', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698', 'display_name': 'Jitter', 'level': 2, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C199539241', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748', 'display_name': 'Law', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}, {'id': 'https://openalex.org/C111919701', 'wikidata': 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135', 'display_name': 'Operating system', 'level': 1, 'score': 0.0}], 'mesh': [], 'locations_count': 1, 'locations': [{'is_oa': False, 'landing_page_url': 'https://doi.org/10.1109/icdcs.1989.37958', 'pdf_url': None, 'source': None, 'license': None, 'license_id': None, 'version': None, 'is_accepted': False, 'is_published': False}], 'best_oa_location': None, 'sustainable_development_goals': [{'display_name': 'Quality education', 'id': 'https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4', 'score': 0.89}], 'grants': [], 'datasets': [], 'versions': [], 'referenced_works_count': 13, 'referenced_works': ['https://openalex.org/W1558939704', 'https://openalex.org/W1980650074', 'https://openalex.org/W1994441984', 'https://openalex.org/W2009428216', 'https://openalex.org/W2024481357', 'https://openalex.org/W2034702409', 'https://openalex.org/W2035918100', 'https://openalex.org/W2038467333', 'https://openalex.org/W2045450417', 'https://openalex.org/W2095343473', 'https://openalex.org/W2118891797', 'https://openalex.org/W2209642376', 'https://openalex.org/W4235883194'], 'related_works': ['https://openalex.org/W4231008241', 'https://openalex.org/W3150661190', 'https://openalex.org/W2787237207', 'https://openalex.org/W2617666058', 'https://openalex.org/W2411759562', 'https://openalex.org/W2292909929', 'https://openalex.org/W2163637408', 'https://openalex.org/W2125201667', 'https://openalex.org/W2075592087', 'https://openalex.org/W1497331638'], 'abstract_inverted_index': {'A': [0], 'probabilistic': [1, 54], 'method': [2, 19, 36, 110], 'is': [3, 53, 111, 137], 'proposed': [4], 'for': [5], 'reading': [6, 118, 126, 135], 'remote': [7, 67, 120, 133], 'clocks': [8, 151], 'in': [9, 117, 152], 'distributed': [10], 'systems': [11], 'subject': [12], 'to': [13, 26, 40, 101], 'unbounded': [14], 'random': [15], 'communication': [16], 'delays.': [17], 'The': [18, 35, 51, 129], 'can': [20, 37, 63, 85], 'achieve': [21], 'clock': [22, 32, 68, 88, 134, 159], 'synchronization': [23, 33, 49], 'precisions': [24], 'superior': [25], 'those': [27], 'attainable': [28], 'by': [29, 76, 139], 'previously': [30], 'published': [31], 'algorithms.': [34, 50], 'be': [38], 'used': [39], 'improve': [41], 'the': [42, 87, 109, 124, 132, 153], 'precision': [43, 95, 127], 'of': [44, 81, 89, 108, 131, 155], 'both': [45], 'internal': [46], 'and': [47, 158], 'external': [48], 'approach': [52], 'because': [55], 'it': [56, 122], 'does': [57], 'not': [58], 'guarantee': [59], 'that': [60], 'a': [61, 66, 71, 78, 83, 93, 97, 114, 119, 141], 'processor': [62], 'always': [64], 'read': [65, 86], 'with': [69, 92, 96], 'an': [70], 'priori': [72], 'specified': [73], 'precision;': [74], 'however,': [75], 'retrying': [77], 'sufficient': [79], 'number': [80], 'times,': [82], 'process': [84, 91, 115], 'another': [90], 'given': [94], 'probability': [98], 'as': [99, 103], 'close': [100], 'one': [102], 'desired.': [104], 'An': [105], 'important': [106], 'characteristic': [107], 'that,': [112], 'when': [113], 'succeeds': [116], 'clock,': [121], 'knows': [123], 'actual': [125], 'achieved.': [128], 'use': [130], 'methods': [136], 'illustrated': [138], 'presenting': [140], 'time': [142], 'service': [143], 'which': [144], 'maintains': [145], 'externally': [146], '(and,': [147], 'hence,': [148], 'internally)': [149], 'synchronized': [150], 'presence': [154], 'process,': [156], 'communication,': [157], 'failures.<': [160], '<ETX': [161], 'xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"': [162], 'xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>': [163]}, 'cited_by_api_url': 'https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1937995180', 'counts_by_year': [{'year': 2020, 'cited_by_count': 1}, {'year': 2014, 'cited_by_count': 2}, {'year': 2013, 'cited_by_count': 3}], 'updated_date': '2024-12-16T19:37:43.560115', 'created_date': '2016-06-24'}